英语语法分解大全1.md · hellolutar/english-note

<h1>英语语法分解大全</h1>
<h2>目录</h2>
[toc]

英语中10种词性：
名词、代词、动词、数词、形容词、副词、连词、介词、冠词、感叹词。

# 句子的五种类型
| 第一类句型 | 主语 | 谓语 |     -     |       -     |
| ---------- | ---- | ---- | -------- | ---------- |
| 第二类句型 | 主语 | 谓语 | 表语     |     -       |
| 第三类句型 | 主语 | 谓语 | 宾语     |      -      |
| 第四类句型 | 主语 | 谓语 | 间接宾语 | 直接宾语   |
| 第五类句型 | 主语 | 谓语 | 宾语     | 宾语补足语 |

### 第一类句型 主+谓
第一类句型的谓语：
1. 表示来、去、出发、到达意义的往来动词
   go,come,begin,start,leave,arrive,move...
2. 存在动词
   exist,be...
3. 发生动词
   happen,occur...

例句

| 没修饰        | 副词修饰                     |
| ------------- | ---------------------------- |
| I go.         | I go fast.                   |
| I study.      | Istudy hard.                 |
| My mom cooks. | My mom cooks in the kitchen. |
| We talk.      | We tablk loudly              |

形容词、副词、介词短语、状语从句都属于修饰语。

### 第二类句型 主+谓+表
表语只能由名词、代词、形容词充当。

动词：be动词、become

区分第一类句型和第二类句型中的be动词

1. be表示“存在，有”时，不需要表语。
God is everywhere.
The girl is in the kitchen.

2. 感官动词
感官动词是表达看、听、闻、尝、触这些感觉的动词。这些动词都要表达“感觉怎么样”，所以后面必须要有表语。也就是说需要补充说明感受，所以后面必须接形容词作表语。

| 描述 | 感官动词 | 例句                 |
| ---- | -------- | -------------------- |
| 视觉 | look     | You look beautiful.  |
| 听觉 | sound    | It sounds great.     |
| 嗅觉 | smell    | This smells good.    |
| 味觉 | taste    | It tastes delicious. |
| 触觉 | feel     | It feel soft.        |

3. turn & seem
turn和 seem需要接表语。这类动词表示“好像”“变得”的意思，后面必须接相应的内容进行补充说明。
He seems ill.
She turned pale.

### 第三类句型 主+谓+宾

名词和代词可以作宾语。

~~~ 
Shrek married with Peincess Fiona.  X
marry的意思是“和...结婚”，已经包含了“和”的意思，所以不需要再用with.
~~~

不需要介词的典型动词有：
- marry 和...结婚
- mention 谈到
- enter 进行
- resemble 与...相像
- reach 到达
- await 等待
- discuss 讨论
- attend 参加、出席

| 错句                            | 对                         | 对                         | 描述              |
| ------------------------------- | -------------------------- | -------------------------- | ----------------- |
| I reached at Busan.             | I reached Busan.           | I arrived at Busan.        | reach = arrive at |
| I entered into the post office. | I entered the post office. | I go into the post office. | enter=go into     |
| I awaited for her.              | I awaited her.             | I waited for her.          | await=wait for    |

### 第四类句型=主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语

第四类句型中的动词可以表示“给...做...”的意思。我们把表示“给(为)某人做某事”的动词叫做授予动词。

典型的授予动词：
- give  给（某人）（某物品）
~~~ text
I gave her flowers.
~~~

- show  给（某人）看（某物）
~~~ text
I will show you a picture.
~~~

- bring  给（某人）带来（某物）
~~~ text
She brings me a computer.
~~~

- send   给（某人）送去（某物）
~~~ text
He sends her a flowers.
~~~

- teach  教给（某人）（某事）
~~~ text
She teaches me English.
~~~

**第四类句型用第三类句型表达：**
| 第四类句型             | 第三类句型                |
| ---------------------- | ------------------------- |
| I gave him money.      | I gave money to him.      |
| I show her my note.    | I show my note to her.    |
| He brings me a letter. | He brings a letter to me. |
| He teaches us English. | He teaches English to us. |

**第四类句型变为第三类句型时，需使用介词for的动词有：**
- make  制造，制作
- buy,build  购买，建造
- cook,chosse  做饭、选择
- get   给
- order  预定
- leave 留下
- find  寻找

| 第四类句型            | 第三类句型                |
| --------------------- | ------------------------- |
| You make me a cake.   | You make a cake for me.   |
| She bought me a bike. | She bought a bike for me. |
| I cooked him soup.    | I cooked soup for him.    |
| I found her the ring. | I found the ring for her. |

**第四类句型变为第三类句型时，需使用介词of的动词有：**

| 第四类句型 | 第三类句型 | 翻译 |
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- |
| He asked me a question. | He asked a question of me. | 他问了我一个问题。 |
| May I ask you a favor?  | May I ask a favor of you?  | 请问你能帮我一个忙吗？ |

### 第五类句型=主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语

第二类句型中的补语是补充说明主语的，我们称之为表语。
~~~ text
I am crazy.
He is a spy.
He is a doctor.
Obama is President.
~~~

第五类句型中的补语不是说明主语的，而是补充说明宾语的状态，所以第五类句型中的补语被称为宾语补足语。
~~~ text
You make me crazy.
We call him a spy.
I think him a doctor.
~~~

**第五类句型中典型动词**
- make ：把...制作成...（状态）
- keep：让...保持...（某种状态）
- call：把...叫做...
- think：认为...
- find：找...
- believe：相信...
- elect：把...选为...

这些动词的宾语补足语要用名词（代词）或形容词从当。

**第五类句型中的感官动词和使役动词**

我们一直说补语是**名代形**，但是有时候宾语补足语的位置上会出现**动词**。
只有当第五类句型的谓语是感官动词或使役动词时，才可以用动词作宾语补足语。

**1. 感官动词**：
感官动词就是表示视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉、触觉的动词，如：

| 中文 | 感官动词                            |
| ---- | ----------------------------------- |
| 看   | see, look at, wath, notice, observe |
| 闻   | smell                               |
| 尝   | taste                               |
| 听   | hear, listen to                     |
| 触觉 | fell, perceive                      |

~~~ text
I hear him sing.
我听到他唱歌。

I saw her clean the room.
我看到她打扫房间。

You see me dance.
你看我跳舞。

You heard her cry.
你听到她哭。

V-ing 表示感受到了 现在正在进行的动作，而动词原型表示感受到了动作的全部过程。
I hear him singing.

I saw her cleaning the room.

You see me dancing.

You heard her crying.

~~~

**2. 使役动词**：
表示“让做某事”或“指使做某事”的动词。
典型的使役动词：
- make：让某人做某事
- have：让某人做某事，使某人做某事。  have表示“拥有”时是实义动词，表示“让某人做某事”时是使役动词。
- let：让某人做某事。

~~~ text
My mom makes me study.

My dad had me clean the car.

You let me go.

~~~

与感官动词不同的是，使役动词的宾语补足语只能用动词原型，不能用V-ing. 但其中还是有特殊情况。使役动词make和let的宾语补足语只能用动词原型，不能用V-ing,但使役动词have与感官动词一样，当宾语和宾语补足语是主动、进行的关系时，宾语补足语可以用V-ing.

~~~ text

#我的老师让他跑
My teacher has him running.

#我让风筝非在高空中
I had a kite flying high in the sky.

#那位老师在课堂上一直让我们发笑
The teacher had us laughing all through his lecture.

~~~

**3. 宾语有被的含义，宾语补足语要用过去分词**
宾语补足语补充说明宾语，当宾语是无法独立完成动作的事物时，宾语补足语要用含有被动意思的过去分词。所以，上面句子的意思是“我用英语写了这封信”。

~~~ text
#感官动词：

I heard the music played. 
我听到被演奏出的音乐。

I heard my name called.
我听到叫我的名字

I saw a girl carried into the hospital.
我看见女孩被送进医院

使役动词：
I had my hair permed.
我烫头发了。

I made my car repaired(by engineer).
我让修理师修了我的小汽车。

I let my book beburnt in a fire.
我用火烧了我的书。

-----------

# 使用感官动词、使役动词的第五类句型：
#1. 主语+感官动词/使役动词+宾语（人，表示主动）+ 动词原型V-ing.

I saw her go/going out of the room.
我看见她走出房间

I made my younger brother study for the exam.
我让弟弟为了考试而学习

#2. 主语+感官动词/使役动词+宾语（事物，表示被动）+ 过去分词
 I heard my name called.
我听见有人叫我的名字

I made this box broken.
我弄坏了这个箱子。

I had the box carried by the boy.
我让男孩拿箱子

--------------
在使用感官动词、使役动词的第五类句型中，如果宾语是人，表示主动含义，宾语补足语就用动词原型或V-ing（现在分词）；如果宾语是物，表示被动含义，宾语补足语就过去分词。

I had my hair cut.
这个句子是由“主语+使役动词（had）+宾语（my hair）+宾语补足语（cut）”构成的第五类句型。宾语是事物（my hair）、宾语补足语是动词的过去分词（cut），所以应该理解为被动，翻译为“我的头发被剪了”。

I had to cut my hair.
这个句子是由“主语（I）+谓语（had to cut）+宾语（my hair）”构成的第三类句型。had to是“不得不，必须”的意思，所以这个句子的意思是“我不得不剪掉头发”。

~~~

**4. get和help**
- have、make、let 表示“让某人做某事”，且宾语是人（表示主动）时，宾语补足语要用动词原型。
- get也可以表示“让某人做某事”的意思，宾语补足语不用动词，而是用“to+动词原型”。

~~~ text
I had him carry my baggage.
I got him to carry my baggage.

我让他拿我的行李。
~~~

~~~ text
#表示“让某人做某事”的使役动词，get和典型的使役动词have、make、let不同，宾语补足语需要用“to+动词原型”
① My mom had me clean my room.
② My mom made me clean my room.
③ My mom let me clean my room.
④ My mom got me to clean my room.

#在宾语是事物，表示被动的含义时，使役动词get和典型的使役动词have,make,let的用法相同
① My mom had the room cleaned by me. （过去分词，表示被动）
② My mom made the room cleaned by me.（过去分词，表示被动）
③ My mom let the room cleaned by me. （过去分词，表示被动）
④ My mom got the room cleaned by me. （过去分词，表示被动）

#当宾语是人，表示主动意思时，使役动词get的宾语补足语要用“to+动词原型”；当宾语是事物，表示被动意思时，与典型的使役动词一样，宾语补足语用过去分词。
① I had my baggage carried by him. 被动
② I made my baggage carried by him. 被动
③ I letmy baggagecarried by him. 被动
④ I got my baggage carried by him. 被动

~~~

在第五类句型中，help的宾语补足语也可以用动词原型。
~~~ text
① The teacher had me study English. （使役动词have → 动词原形）
② The teacher made me study English. （使役动词make → 动词原形）
③ The teacher let me study English. （使役动词let → 动词原形）
④ The teacher helped me study English. （实义动词help → 动词原形）
~~~

因为help本身不是使役动词，所以在第五类句型中做谓语时，宾语补足语也可以用“to+动词原型”。
~~~ text
① The teacher helped me study English. 
② The teacher helped me to study English.

那位老师帮助我学习英语。

~~~

**系统整理一下第五类句型中的补语**

实义动词作谓语
~~~ text
We saw him dance/dancing.  宾语补足语：动词原型、现在分词

I heard you shout/shouting. 宾语补足语：动词原型、现在分词

I heard my name called.  宾语补足语：过去分词
~~~

感官动词作谓语
~~~ text
We saw him dance/ dancing.（宾语补足语：动词原形、现在分词）
I heard you shout/ shouting.（宾语补足语：动词原形、现在分词）
I heard my name called.（宾语补足语：过去分词）

~~~

使役动词作谓语
~~~ text
My mother has me study.  宾语补足语：动词原型

The teacher got the students toread.  宾语补足语：to+动词原型

I had my hair permed.  宾语补足语：过去分词

She had her sister clean the room. 宾语补足语：动词原型

~~~

**决定句子类型的是动词，名词在句子中作主宾补，动词作谓语，形容词修饰名词，副词修饰形副动句，补语是名代形。**

# 动词不定式
动词不定式就是在动词前加上to变为不定式，起**名词**、**形容词**或副词的作用。

## 动词不定式的用法

**动词不定式的形容词用法**

~~~ text
I want water.

I want water to drink.
# 加上to的动词drink就不再是谓语了，它修饰名词water，起形容词的作用.

~~~

**动词不定式的名词用法**

~~~ text
I want to drink.
我想要喝的东西.

I want to drink water.
我想要喝水.

I want to eat a hamburger.
我想要吃汉堡.
~~~

**动词不定式的副词性用法**

副词分类:
- 一般副词:如now,beautifully,happily
- 副词短语:because of you, every year.
- 副词性质的状语从句: when the train arrives here, if you are not here

~~~ text
I stopped the work to drink water.
我停下工作去喝水.
#to drink water是“为了喝水”的意思，用来说明停下工作的目的，而句子的主要内容是停止工作，所以这是可以省略的修饰语。
~~~

### 名词性用法
和一起名词一样在句子中作主宾补.

**主语**

~~~ text
To study is my hobby.
~~~

**宾语**

~~~ text
I like to study English.
~~~

**补(表)语**

~~~ text
My hobby is to study.
~~~

### 形容词性用法

~~~ text
#动词不定式起形容词作用时一般放在名词后修饰名词.
I have homework to finish.
我有需要完成的作业.

#动词不定式会和介词连用修饰名词
I have no house to live in .
我没有可以住(在里面)的房子.

I don't have a pen to write with.
我没有(用来写字的)钢笔.

I need a chair to sit on.
我需要坐(在上面的)椅子.

~~~

### 副词性用法

**修饰形容词**
~~~ text
This book is difficult to read.
这本书读起来很难.  read修饰形容词difficult.
~~~

**修饰副词**
~~~ text
This book is difficult to read.
读起来很难.

He is too young to go to school.
他去上学,还太小.
~~~

**修饰动词,句子**

~~~ text
I wake up early to catch the first train.
我为了赶头班车而早起
~~~

**动词不定式表示目的的副词性用法**

~~~ text
I get up early to go to school.
为了去上学

He works hard to buy a car.
为了买车

She goes to the store to buy an apple.
为了买苹果

~~~

**动词不定式表示原因的副词性用法**

~~~ text
I am glad to meet you.
因为见到你(表示理由,情感上的原因)

She is happy to go there.
因为去那儿(表示原因)
~~~

**动词不定式表示判断依据的副词性用法**

~~~ text
He must be mad to do so.
因为他那样做(判断依据)

She can't be a fool to say so.
因为她那样说(判断一句)

~~~

**动词不定式表示结果的副词性用法**

grow,live,awake这三个动词有表示结果的用法,所以翻译时要翻译出结果的意味.
~~~ text
He grew up to be a teacher.
他长大后成了老师(表示结果).

She lived to be eighty.
她活到了80岁(表示结果).

I awoke to find myself famous.
我醒来才发现自己出名了(表示结果).

I studied hard only to fail.
我努力学习,但还是失败了(表示结果).
~~~

## 动词不定式的否定

动词不定式的否定形式,是直接在动词不定式前加not.
~~~ text
I want not to drink.               
I told him not to go out at night.   #宾语
Be careful not to catch a cold.      #副词
~~~

**快速区分动词不定式的用法**
1. 首先判断是 "to+名词" 还是 "to+动词".
  - to+名词: 是由"介词+名词"构成的修饰语
  - to+动词: 是不定式.

2. 动词不定式的判断
   - 形容词性用法判断: 动词不定式前有名词,而且它用来修饰名词,就是形容词性用法
   ~~~ text
   water to drink;
   something to eat;
   ~~~
   - 名词性用法: 动词不定式在句子中作主宾补,就是名词性用法.
   ~~~ text
   To study English is easy.
   I love to study English.
   My hobby is to study English.
   ~~~
   - 副词性用法: 排除形容词性用法、名词性用法后,就剩副词性用法了. 表示情感上的原因、理由、目的、判断依据、手段等全都是副词性用法。
   ~~~ text
   I am happy to meet you.                 #表示情感上的原因
   She is sad to go there.                 #表示情感上的原因
   We studied hard to pass the final exam. #表示目的
   I wake to find myself famous.           #表示结果
   ~~~

# 动名词

在动词后面加上-ing,起名词作用的词就是动名词. 动名词只有名词的作用.

## 动名词的作用

### 主语

动名词和动词不定式的名词性用法是一样的.
~~~ text
Learning English is difficult.
To learn English is difficult.

Jogging is good for your health.
To jog is good for your health.

~~~

**it作形式主语,动名词和动词不定式作真正主语**
~~~ text
It is difficult learning English.
It is difficult to learn English.

It is good reading a book.
It is good to read a book.
~~~

### 宾语
~~~ text
I like reading a book.
I like to read a book.

I love sleeping.
I love to sleep.
~~~

### 补语
~~~ text
My hobby is collecting stamps.
My hobby is to collect stamps.

My dream is being a doctor.
My dream is to be a doctor.

~~~

### 介词的宾语

介词: 介词是具体表示时间、地点、空间的一种词(in,to,on,at...)

**介词的一个重要原则就是一般用于名词前**.介词后不能接动词、形容词、副词. **所以如果要在介词后用动词,一定要把动词变成动名词**.

在第三类句型中,主语和谓语需要接宾语,只有名词可以作宾语.介词后需要接名词.这就被称为介词的宾语.

~~~ text
I am interested in going there.

~~~

典型的常用短语都是用动名词作介词的宾语.

| 短语             | 中文        | 句子                                 |
| ---------------- | ----------- | ------------------------------------ |
| be interested in | 对...感兴趣 | I am interested in writing novels.   |
| be fond of       | 喜欢        | I am fond of playing baseball.       |
| be sure of       | 确定,确信   | He is sure of passing the test.      |
| be proud of      | 为...自豪   | She is proud of having a cute baby.  |
| be ashamed of    | 因...害羞   | They are ashamed of being dishonest. |

## 逻辑主语

逻辑主语常与形式主语、真正主语一起使用.

### 动词不定式充当逻辑主语

动词在句子中作谓语,而每个句子都一定有支配动词的主体.
**支配动词不定式的主体是逻辑主语.**

~~~ text
I am a doctor.   支配be动词am的主体是I
She loves you.   支配实义动词love的主体是She
~~~

使用动词不定式和动名词的句子中有两个动词.第一个动词是在句子中作谓语的主要动词,第二个实在句子中起其他作用,已经发生变化的动词.
虽然已经变成了动词不定式和动名词,但其本质还是动词,所以也会有支配它们的主体,这个主体就是逻辑主语.

~~~ text
I want her to succeed.
这个句子是由"主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语"构成.
是谁希望成功呢? 是我希望她成功. 支配动词不定式(to succeed)的主体是逻辑主语. 所以逻辑主语是she,逻辑主语you与句子的主语I不一样,所以两个都要写出来. 虽然是逻辑主语,但是也不能用主格,因此要用her. 因为第五类句型中的宾语要用人称代词的宾语形式.

It is possible for him to marry her.
是谁结婚? 支配动词不定式to marry 的主体是him,所以him是逻辑主语.

~~~

**如果动词不定式的逻辑主语和句子的主语相同,可以不单独写出来.但是在以形式主语it开头的句子中,一定要用"for+宾格"写出支配动词不定式的逻辑主语.**

~~~ text
I want to succeed.

是谁想成功呢?是我想成功.想成功的人就是这个句子的逻辑主语. 即,支配动词不定时(to succeed 成功)的主体是逻辑主语.

It is wasy for me to teach English.
It is impossible for her to help you.
It was easy for me to carry the box.
~~~

**如果形式主语it后表示人的特质或性格的形容词,就不能用"for+宾格",要用"of+宾格".**
用"of+宾格",表示逻辑主语的情况.
- kind
- polite
- impolite
- wise
- smart
- foolish

~~~ text
It is kind of you to help the old lady.
~~~

练习:改错题
~~~ text
1. It was very difficult of him to find the book.

2. It is wise for him to tell the truth.

3. My mother told for me to wash the dishes.

4. It was easy of me to carry the box.

答案:
1. difficult不是人的品格或性格，所以应该把of him改成for him。
2. wise是人的特质，所以应该把for him改成ofhim。
3. 支配动词不定式（洗碗）的主体是“我”，与句子的主语（My mother）不一致，所以需要写出来，逻辑主语要用“for +宾格”表示，但是在这个句子中要用me代替for me。这个句子是由主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语构成的第五类句型。名词（代词）才可以作宾语。for me是由“介词+名词（代词）”构成的介词短语，不能用介词短语作宾语，所以宾语只能用me，答案是把for me改成me。
4. easy不是人的性格，所以应该把of me改成for me。
~~~

### 动名词的逻辑主语

与动词不定式一样,当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致时,就不用单独再写出来了.

~~~ text
I enjoy watching TV.
I finished reading the book.
It is no use predicting the weather.  预测天气是没有用的.
~~~

动词不定式的名词性用法和动名词的用法几乎一样,但是在逻辑主语上还是有差别的.
**动名词的逻辑主语不用"for+宾格",而是直接用所有形式或宾格形式.**
**动名词的逻辑主语是事物时,不能用所有格形式,只能用宾格形式.**

~~~ text
It is no use your/you predicting the weather.
~~~

~~~ text
当逻辑主语为人时:
 I remember Tom/Tom's saying so.  我记得汤姆那样说了.
 I am sure of him/his passing the examination.   我确信他通过考试了.

当逻辑主语为事物时:
There is little chance of **the train** being late.   那列火车几乎不会晚点.
He is proud of **his school** having a beautiful garden.  他非常自豪他们学校有的美丽花园.

~~~

~~~ text
He is proud of being a scholar.         支配动名词的主体与句子主语一致,不需要写出逻辑主语
He is proud of your/you being a scholar. 逻辑主语是人,句子主语He与支配动名词的主体you不同,必须写出逻辑主语
I object to the room having big window. 逻辑主语是事物,我不同意那个房间爱你有大窗户.
~~~

## 第三类句型的宾语形态

~~~ text
I want to eat.
I want eating.
~~~
在第三类句型中,有些动词只能用动词不定式作宾语,有些动词只能用动名词作宾语.

在需要宾语的第三类句型中,动词可以分为以下三种:
- 只能用动词不定式作宾语的动词
- 只能用动名词作宾语的动词
- 可以用动词不定式或动名词作宾语的动词

### 只能用动词不定式作宾语的动词
- want 
- wish
- hope 
- expect
- promise

这些动词都含有未来的意思.表示期待将来发生的事情,只能用动词不定式作宾语.

### 只能用动名词作宾语的动词
- mind
- enjoy
- give up
- avoid
- finish
- escape
- stop

这些动词都有"平时做...""过去做..."的意思,表示平时enjoy或是过去finish

### 可以用动词不定式或动名词作宾语的动词
- love
- like
- hate
- begin
- start
- continue

### 有时动词不定式和动名词都可以作宾语,但是意思不同
动词不定式含有未来的意思,动名词含有过去的意思.
~~~ text
I remember sending a postcard.
我记得记过明信片

I remember to send a postcard.
我记得要寄出明信片
~~~

这类动词只需要记住四个:
- remember
- forget
- try
- stop

~~~ text
He tried doing it.
他过去试着作过.

He tried to do it.
他努力试着去做.

He forgot buing coffee.
他忘记买了咖啡.  指已经买了咖啡,却忘了这事.

He forgot to buy coffee.
他忘了去买咖啡.   指应该买咖啡,但是忘了.

He stopped smoking.
主+谓+宾,他戒烟了

He stopped to smoke.
主+谓+介词短语.  to smoke是“为了去吸烟”的意思，是动词不定式的副词性用法。tosmoke不是宾语。所以应该翻译为“他停下来去吸烟”。
~~~

# 分词

分词就是在动词后加上-ing或-ed，起形容词的作用。

~~~ markdown
a dancing girl
a crying baby
a broken window
~~~

修饰名词时，分词的位置：

- 分词修饰名词，一般位于被修饰的名词前。

~~~ markdown
  waiting people
  a cring baby
  broken glasses
  injured passengers
  ~~~

- 两个及两个以上的单词构成的分词短语，位于被修饰的分词后。

~~~ markdown
  The girl dancing on the stage is my sister.  舞台上跳舞的那个女孩是我姐姐。  dancing on the stage
  
  Look at the airplane flying in the sky.   看天上飞的那架飞机。 flying in the sky
  
  I have novel wirtten by O.Henry.   我有一本欧·亨利写的小说。 written by O.Henry
  ~~~

## 过去分词

过去分词:

- 表示被动、完成意思的形容词。

- 与haven连用，表示现在完成时。

~~~ markdown
  She has lived in this city since 1988.    她1988年起住在这个城市。
  ~~~

- 与had连用，表示过去完成时。

~~~ markdown
  I had read the novel twice when I was seven.     我7岁时已经读过两遍那本小说了。
  ~~~

- 与be动词连用，表示被动语态

~~~ markdown
  My key was stolen by some body.    我的钥匙被人偷了。
  ~~~

~~~ markdown
① I saw the broken window. 我看到了被打碎的窗户。过去时
② I see the broken window. 我看见被打碎的窗户。现在时
③ I willsee the broken window. 我要看看被打碎的窗户。将来时
~~~

过去动词的变化大致可以分为A-B-C,A-B-B,A-A-A,A-B-A

A-B-C型号

| 现在      | 过去     | 过去分词   | 词义             |
| --------- | -------- | ---------- | ---------------- |
| am/are/is | was/were | been       | 是，有，在       |
| begin     | began    | begun      | 开始             |
| bear      | bore     | born       | 出生             |
| bite      | bit      | bit/bitten | 咬               |
| blow      | broke    | broken     | 打碎             |
| choose    | chose    | chosen     | 选择             |
| draw      | drew     | drawn      | 画               |
| drink     | drank    | drunk      | 喝               |
| drive     | drove    | driven     | 驾驶             |
| eat       | ate      | eaten      | 吃               |
| fall      | fell     | fallen     | 坠落，掉落       |
| fly       | flew     | flown      | 飞               |
| forgive   | forgave  | forgiven   | 原谅             |
| forget    | forgot   | forgotten  | 忘记             |
| freeze    | froze    | frozen     | 冻结             |
| give      | gave     | given      | 给               |
| get       | got      | got/gotten | 得到，获得       |
| go        | went     | gone       | 去，走           |
| grow      | grew     | grown      | 成长，长大       |
| hide      | hid      | hid/hidden | 隐藏，躲藏       |
| know      | knew     | known      | 认识，知道，了解 |
| lie       | lay      | lain       | 躺               |
| mistake   | mistook  | mistaken   | 犯错             |
| ride      | rode     | ridden     | 骑马             |
| ring      | rang     | rung       | 响铃             |
| rise      | rose     | rissen     | 上升             |
| see       | saw      | seen       | 看               |
| shake     | shook    | shaken     | 摇动，挥动       |
| show      | showed   | shown      | 出示，展示       |
| sing      | sang     | sung       | 唱歌             |
| swim      | swam     | swum       | 游泳             |
| speak     | spoke    | spoken     | 说话，讲话       |
| steal     | stole    | stolen     | 偷               |
| take      | took     | taken      | 拿               |
| throw     | threw    | thrown     | 扔，抛           |
| wear      | wore     | worn       | 穿               |
| write     | wrote    | written    | 写               |

A-B-B型号

| 现在       | 过去       | 过去分词   | 词义           |
| ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | -------------- |
| bend       | bent       | bent       | 使弯曲         |
| bind       | bound      | bound      | 捆绑           |
| bring      | brought    | brought    | 带来           |
| buy        | bought     | bought     | 买             |
| bulid      | built      | built      | 建造           |
| catch      | caugh      | caugh      | 抓住           |
| dig        | dug        | dug        | 挖             |
| feed       | fed        | fed        | 喂养           |
| fell       | felt       | felt       | 感觉           |
| fight      | fought     | fought     | 打架           |
| find       | found      | found      | 发现           |
| hang       | hung       | hung       | 系，悬挂       |
| hear       | heard      | heard      | 听             |
| hold       | held       | held       | 握             |
| keep       | kept       | kept       | 保留           |
| lead       | led        | led        | 指引，领导     |
| lend       | lent       | lent       | 借（出去）     |
| lose       | lost       | lost       | 丢失           |
| leave      | left       | left       | 离开           |
| lay        | laid       | laid       | 放             |
| make       | made       | made       | 制造           |
| mean       | meant      | meant      | 意味着，意思是 |
| meet       | met        | met        | 见面           |
| pay        | paid       | paid       | 支付           |
| sell       | sold       | sold       | 卖             |
| pay        | paid       | paid       | 支付           |
| shoot      | shot       | shot       | 开枪，发射     |
| sit        | sat        | sat        | 坐             |
| smell      | smelt      | smelt      | 嗅，闻         |
| shine      | shone      | shone      | 闪烁           |
| sleep      | slept      | slept      | 睡觉           |
| spend      | spent      | spent      | 花费           |
| strike     | struck     | struck     | 打击           |
| stand      | stood      | stood      | 站着           |
| tell       | told       | told       | 告诉           |
| think      | thought    | thought    | 想，认为       |
| teach      | taught     | taught     | 教             |
| understand | understood | understood | 理解           |
| win        | won        | won        | 赢             |

A-A-A型

| 现在   | 过去 | 过去分词 | 词义       |
| ------ | ---- | -------- | ---------- |
| let    |      |          | 让         |
| cast   |      |          | 扔，抛     |
| cost   |      |          | 花费       |
| cut    |      |          | 剪         |
| hit    |      |          | 打击，碰撞 |
| hurt   |      |          | 受伤       |
| put    |      |          | 放         |
| read   |      |          | 读         |
| set    |      |          | 放置       |
| shut   |      |          | 关闭       |
| spread |      |          | 展开       |

A-B-A型

| 现在   | 过去   | 过去分词 | 词义 |
| ------ | ------ | -------- | ---- |
| become | became | become   | 变成 |
| come   | came   | come     | 来   |
| run    | ran    | run      | 跑   |

容易混淆的动词

| 现在 | 过去 | 过去分词 | 词义 |
| ---- | ---- | -------- | ---- |
| lay  | laid | laid     | 放   |
| lie  | lay  | lain     | 躺   |
| lie  | lied | lied     | 说谎 |

~~~ markdown
a broken vase 被打碎的花瓶
a stolen car 被偷的汽车
a locked door 被锁的门
a fixed table 被固定的桌子
~~~

## 现在分词

现在分词就是动词变成了含有主动、进行意思的形容词。可以用于现在时、过去时、将来时。

~~~ markdown
Look at the sleepingbaby. 看那个正在睡觉的孩子。
~~~

在a sleeping baby中，sleeping修饰后面的名词baby，我们把sleeping叫做分词。分词sleeping是“正在睡觉的”意思，表示现在进行时，所以叫做现在分词。

~~~ markdown
① I see the dancing girl. 我看见那个跳舞的女孩。 现在时
② I saw the dancing girl. 我看见了那个跳舞的女孩。 过去时
③ I will see the dancing girl. 我将要见到那个跳舞的女孩。 将来时
~~~

## 现在分词和动名词

~~~ makrdown
waiting people
waiting room

waiting people是“等待的人们”的意思，waiting修饰people。修饰名词的是形容词。所以，这里的waiting是表示主动和进行含义的现在分词。

a waiting room是“等待的房间”的意思吗？房间不能等待，所以房间（room）不可以被waiting修饰。只是让人们等待用的房间，即“等候室”的意思，所以waiting是动名词。
~~~

~~~ markdown
walking people
walking sticks

walking people是“正在行走的人”的意思。walking修饰people。所以walking是表示主动、进行的含义，修饰名词people的形容词，所以是现在分词。

walking sticks不能解释为“行走的手杖”。因为手杖自己不能行走，所以walking不能修饰sticks。只是表示行走时起辅助作用的sticks，即“拐杖”，因此walking是动名词。
~~~

~~~ markdown
a sleeping baby 
a sleeping bag

a sleeping baby是“睡觉的孩子”，sleeping修饰名词baby，表示主动、进行的意思，所以是现在分词。

a sleeping bag不能理解成“睡觉的bag”，因此是动名词，意思是“睡袋”。
~~~

| 分词            | 动名词          |
| --------------- | --------------- |
| 动词 --> 形容词 | 动词 --> 名词   |
| waiting people  | a waiting room  |
| walking people  | a walking stick |
| a sleeping boy  | a sleeping bag  |
| 生命体          | 无生命体        |

## 分词的作用

**修饰名词**

- 分词修饰名词时候，一般放在所修饰的名词前。

- 两个及两个以上的单词构成的分词短语，位于被修饰的分词后。

**作表语（第二类句型，主语+谓语+表语）**

...

> 注意，作补语的形容词是叙述性用法，所以不能翻译为”...的“
>
> ~~~ markdown
> an interesting book  有趣的书  限定性用法
> It is interesting .  那很有趣  叙述性用法
> ~~~

**作宾语补足语（第五类句型，主语+谓语+宾语+宾补）**

~~~ markdown
I saw her running.
I heard him singing.
I watched a boy cring.

I saw the door painted.
I heard my name called.
I watched the bike repaired.
~~~

## 动词的三种变形

- 动词不定式：在动词原形前加to→ 起名词、形容词、副词的作用
- 动名词：在动词原形后加-ing→起名词的作用
- 分词：在动词原形后加-ing或-ed→ 起形容词的作用

虽然动词的形态已经发生变化，但动词不定式、动名词、分词依然具有动词本身的特性。

# 名词性从句

单词分为名词、形容词、副词。从句分为名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句。

名词性从句具有名词性质，所以可以作主宾补。

## that

在完整的句子前加that。

| 句子             | 从句                  |
| ---------------- | --------------------- |
| I love you       | that I love you       |
| She is smart     | that she is smart     |
| She is a teacher | that she is a teacher |

that引导名词性从句作主语时，可以在句子开头使用形式主语，然后将真正的主语放到后面。

| that主语                                   | it形式主语                                    |
| ------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------- |
| That Shrek married Princess Fiona is true. | It is true that Shrek married Princess Fiona. |
| That she is a teacher is true.             | It is true that she is a teacher.             |

that引导的名词性从句作补语和宾语时，that可以省略。

但是，that引导的名词性从句作主语时，that不能省略。

it作形式主语，真正主语放在后面，that可以省略。

~~~ markdown
That Shrek married Princess Fiona is true.
I know (that) Shrek married Princess Fiona.
It is true (that) Shrek married Princess Fiona.
~~~

## if/whether

名词性从句的构成，还可以由“是否...”构成。如“我是否爱你”。

| 句子                     | that                         | whether/if                         |
| ------------------------ | ---------------------------- | ---------------------------------- |
| I love you.              | that I love you              | whether/if I love you              |
| She is smart.            | that she is smart            | whether/if she is smart            |
| You have worked so long. | that you have worked so long | whether/if you have worked so long |

~~~ markdown
Whether Shrek married Princess Fiona is important.
I wonder whether Shrek married Princess Fiona.
The important thing is whether Shrek married Princess Fiona.
~~~

在if和whether引导的名词性从句中，if引导的名词性从句作主语时不能位于句首，只有whether引导的名词性从句可以作主语且位于句首。 这是为了避免与虚拟语气if混淆。

~~~ markdown
If Shrek married Princess Fiona is important.		错误
Whether Shrek married Princess Fiona is important.  正确
~~~

为了更准确的表达意思，可以在whether引导的从句末加上or not。这样“是否...”的意思就更加明确了。

~~~ markdown
Whether Shrek married Princess Fiona or not is important.
I wonder whether Shrek married Princess Fiona or not.
The important thing is whether Shrek married Princess Fiona or not.
~~~

it作形式主语

| whether                                                   | it                                                           |
| --------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
| Whether Shrek married Princess Fiona or not is important. | It is important whether/if Shrek married Princess Fiona or not. |

## 间接疑问句

疑问句分为直接疑问句和简介疑问句。

- 直接疑问句就是直接提出疑问的句子。

~~~ markdown
  Do you love me ?
  Is it cold?
  ~~~

- 间接疑问句就是间接提出疑问的句子。 间接疑问句比直接疑问句的表达更加委婉、柔和。

- 不含特殊疑问词的间接疑问句。如：你是否爱我？现在是否冷？你现在是否走？
  - 含有特殊疑问词的间接疑问句。如：是谁？什么时候做？在哪做？怎么做？做什么？

特殊疑问词：

- who
- when
- where
- what
- how
- why

**不含特殊疑问词的间接疑问句**

whether/ if引导的名词性从句是间接疑问句的一部分。

~~~ markdown
Can you tell me whether you love me or not?
Can you tell me whether it is cold or not?
Can you tell me whether you go now or not?
~~~

**含有特殊疑问词的间接疑问句**

~~~ markdown
Can you tell me who you are?
Do you know what it is?
~~~

- ① 由特殊疑问词（who, what）引导的，而且是含有主语（you，it）和谓语（are，is）的从句，叫做特殊疑问词从句。
- ② 含特殊疑问词的从句在句中起名词作用，所以是特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句。

# 定语从句和关系代词

包含主语和谓语、起修饰名词作用的句子就叫定于从句

~~~ markdown
a friend **who lives in Seoul**  一个住在首尔的朋友。
~~~

将两个句子合成一个句子时，在两个中间起连接作用的就是**关系代词**。适当的使用关系代词，可以说出更精炼、更地道的英语。

## 关系代词who

~~~ markdown
This id the man.
He helped me yesterday.
This is the man and he helped me yesterday.
This is the man who helped me yesterday.
*who helped me yesterday 修饰前面的名词the man，修饰名词的是形容词，所以可以把who helped me yesterday看作形容词，而且它含有主语和谓语，所以是定语从句。 *
*而who是同时起连词作用和代词作用的关系代词。*
*the man是被定于从句修饰的先行词*
~~~

|      | 先行词         | 关系代词                 |
| ---- | -------------- | ------------------------ |
| 含义 | 位于关系代词前 | 连词+代词                |
| 作用 | 被定语从句修饰 | 引导修饰先行词的定于从句 |

### 主格关系代词Who

~~~ markdown
This is the boy who can speak English.
She is a girl who cooks well.
I have a friend who lives in Japan.
~~~

**关系代词在定语从句中，同时起连接作用和代词作用。因为代词分为主格形式、所有格形式、宾格形式，所以关系代词也有主格、所有格、宾格之分。**

~~~ markdown
This is the girl who played the piano.
Do you know the girl who played the piano?
~~~

### 所有格关系代词Whose

|          | 主格            | 所有格            | 宾格             |
| -------- | --------------- | ----------------- | ---------------- |
| 第一人称 | I / we          | my / our          | me / us          |
| 第二人称 | you             | your              | you              |
| 第三人称 | he / she / they | his / her / their | him / her / them |

~~~ markdown
I have a fried. Her name is Alice.
I have a fried whose name is Alice.

This is the boy. His father is a doctor.
This is the boy whose father is a doctor.

I met a woman. Her husband is an English teacher.
I met a woman whose husband is an English teacher.
~~~

要养成一个习惯，看见关系代词引导的句子就用括号标注起来，这样就能看到主句的主语和谓语了。

~~~ markdown
The boy (whose father is a teacher) is my friend.
~~~

### 宾格关系代词Whom

~~~ markdown
I love the girl. I met her yesterday.
I love the girl whom I met yesterday.

The first president was George Washington. American elected him.
The first president (whom American elected) was George Washington.
~~~

**宾格关系代词与主格和所有格关系代词不同，使用前需要仔细考虑。此外还要注意关系代词通常位于定语从句前。**

**宾格关系代词whom也可以用who代替。 也就是说，关系代词who有时作主格，有时作宾格。**

区分：

- 从句中有主语、谓语，没有宾语，则是宾格关系代词。
- 从句中没有主语，则是主格关系代词。

## 关系代词which

|           |          | 主格                                | 所有格                                  | 宾格                                  |
| --------- | -------- | ----------------------------------- | --------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- |
| 人        | 人称代词 | I / you / he / <br/> she/ we / they | my / your / his /<br/>her / our / their | me / you / him / <br/>her / us / them |
|           | 关系代词 | who                                 | whose                                   | whom                                  |
| 事物/动物 | 人称代词 | it / whey                           | its / their                             | it / them                             |
|           | 关系代词 | which                               | of which / whose                        | which                                 |

~~~ markdown
# 动物/事物 主格关系代词which
This is the book.  It is very interesting.
This is the book which is very interesting.

This is the letter.  It arrived yesterday.
This is the letter which arrived yesterday.

I like the cat.  It has blue eyes.
I like the cat which has blue eyes.

# 动物/事物 所有格关系代词whose , 事物还可以用of which代替whose
This is the table. Its leg was broken yesterday.
This is the table whose leg was broken yesterday.
This is the table *of which the leg* was broken yesterday.
This is the table *the leg of which* was broken yesterday.

I love the cat.  Its hair is black.
I love the cat whose hair is black.
I love the cat *of which the hair* is black. (不加the是错误的)
I love the cat *the hair of which* is black.

# 动物/事物 宾格关系代词which
This is the car. I bought it yesterday.
This is the car which I bought yesterday.

I know the song. You like it.
I know the song which you like.

The fish is still alive. I caught it yesterday.
The fish which I caught yesterday is still alive.
~~~

## 省略关系代词的情况

### 省略宾格关系代词

**只有宾格关系代词可以省略。并且只有在不影响句子的意思、不会造成误会时才可以省略。**

主格关系代词和所有格关系代词直接代替句子的某个部分，所以不能省略。如果省略了主格关系代词或所有格关系代词，就会混淆主语和宾语，影响到句意。

~~~ markdown
我认识爱你的那个男人。
我认识你爱的那个男人。

I know the man (who) loves you. 省略主格关系代词, 注意有歧义。 I know (that) the man loves you.
I know the man (whom) you love.  省略宾格关系代词。 如果也改成名词性从句 I know (that) the man you love.就是错误句子。 因为名词性从句中有两个主语(the man,you)，但是没有宾语，不是完整的句子，不能说是省略了引导名词性从句的that。

The fish (which) I caught yesterday is still alive. 省略宾格关系代词
~~~

### 省略主格关系代词

特殊情况下，主格关系代词可以省略。

如果是“**主格关系代词 + be动词 + 分词**”，可以省略“**主格关系代词 + be动词**”

~~~ markdown
# 现在分词
The boy (who is standing by the door) is my brother.
= The boy standing by the door is my brother.

# 过去分词
I received a letter (which was written in English).
= I received a letter written in English.
~~~

### “关系代词 + 介词” 和 “介词 + 关系代词”

在宾格关系代词中，应该掌握“介词+关系代词”这一用法。在国外，口语和写作中常常加上介词，让句意更明确。

~~~ markdown
wake up!   起床
come on in! 进来
pull over! 挺扯
Hands up!  举手
~~~

~~~ markdown
This is the house.  I live in it.
This is the house which I live in.
This is the house in which I live.

This is the desk.
I put my bag on it.
This is the desk which I put my bag on.
This is the desk on which I put my bag.
~~~

介词in可以单独放在后面，也可以移到关系代词前。

**注意：原本宾格关系代词可以省略，但是在关系代词前有介词时，即使是宾格关系代词，也不能省略。**

~~~ markdown
This is the desk on which I put my bag.  介词移到前面就不能省略宾格关系代词。
This is the desk I put my bag on.	介词留在后面时，可以省略宾格关系代词。
~~~

错题积累：

~~~ markdown
The boy to whom I talked lives here.
The boy to I talked lives there.  //注意看清不是to+介词、不定式
~~~

## 关系代词that

### 关系代词that概念

如果先行词是任何动物很容易可以判断出该用哪个关系代词。但有时先行词可能是“弟弟和狗”这种同时包含任何动物的情况。

所以我们需要一个无论先行词是什么都可以用的关系代词，就是that。

**无论先行词是人、事物还是动物，都可以用that。**

但是，that不能作所有格关系代词。

|           | 主格         | 所有格           | 宾格              |
| --------- | ------------ | ---------------- | ----------------- |
| 人        | who / that   | whose            | whom / who / that |
| 事物/动物 | which / that | whose / of which | which / that      |

~~~ markdown
I have an uncle who lives in Busan.
= I have an uncle that lives in Busan.

This is the watch which was made in Korea.
=This is the watch that was made in Korea.

This is the singer whom I wanted to see.
=This is the singer that I wanted to see.

This is the toy which he plays with.
=his is the toy that he plays with.

~~~

在“介词+关系代词”结构中，不能用that代替关系代词。

~~~ markdown
This is the house. I live in it.
This is the house which I live in.
This is the house in which I live.
This is the house in that I live. X错误
~~~

**在“介词+宾格关系代词”中，不能用that代替which，也不能省略which。**

### 只能用关系代词that的情况

1. 先行词是“人+事物/动物”

~~~ markdown
   Look at the girl and her dog that are running.
   ~~~

2. 先行词是“the+最高级”或“the+序数词”

~~~ markdown
   She is the tallest girl that I have evern seem.
   Jane is the first girl that came to school.
   ~~~

3. 先行词中有all，every，some，any，no

~~~ markdown
   Everyone that goes to church looks happy.
   All that glitters is not gold.
   ~~~

4. 先行词中有the every, the same, the only

~~~ markdown
   This is the very watch that I lost yesterday.   这正是我昨天丢的那块手表。
   This is the same watch that I lost yesterday. 	这和我昨天丢的那块手表是一样的。
   ~~~

5. 先行词中有疑问代词who，which时，只能用关系代词that。

~~~ markdown
   Which of the movies which you watched this year is the best.
   Which of the movies that you watched this year is the best.
   ~~~

疑问代词who，which作先行词，按照关系代词的原则，先行词是人就用who，先行词是事物就用which。这样就出现了疑问代词和关系代词连用的情况（Who...who..,  Which...which)。这会让听者或读者不明所以，因此当疑问代词作关系代词的先行词时，关系代词只能用that。

### 名词性从句that和关系代词that

1. 看that后是不是完整句子：括号中的句子时含有“主语+谓语+宾语”结构的完整句子，就是引导名词性从句的that。

~~~ markdown
   It is true (that Shrek married Princess Fiona).
   It is true (that I helped him yesterday).
   
   This is Shrek (that married Princess Fiona).
   This is the very watch (that I lost yesterday).
   ~~~

2. 看that前有没有先行词：that引导的名词性从句本身可以看作名词，所以不需要先行词。

~~~ markdown
   This is the man (that I helped yesterday).		 先行词the man
   This is the very watch (that I lost yesterday).  先行词the very watch
   ~~~

**关系代词的一致**

先行词决定关系代词后的谓语动词是单数还是复数。

~~~ markdown
I know a girl who lives in L.A.
I know many girls who live in L.A.
~~~

错题积累

~~~ markdown
Jane is one of the few ladires who are wearing glasses.
先行词是复数（the few ladies），所以关系代词后的动词应该用复数形式are。

Jane is the only one of the few ladies that is wearing glasses.
先行词是单数（the only one），所以关系代词后的动词应该用单数形式is。句中有the only，所以不能用主格关系代词who，只能用that。
~~~

## what代替“先行词+关系代词”

~~~ markdown
I understand the thing. You said it.

I understand the thing which you said.
= I understand what you said.
~~~

同时起连词和代词作用的是关系代词(which)，可以同时代替先行词(the thing)和关系代词 (which)的是what。

~~~ markdown
the thing + which
something + that		-> what，理解为“所...的”
anything + that
all + that
~~~

**包含先行词的what引导的从句是名词性从句，起名词作用。**

~~~ markdown
What we saw was shocking.
I know what you did last summer.
This is what he did yesterday.
~~~

由此可知，what引导的从句在句子中起主宾补的作用。因此，what引导的从句是名词性从句。

~~~ markdown
What I want is that blue cap.  #主语
I remember what she said.      #宾语
This is what we wanted to buy. #表语
~~~

what本身包含了先行词，它的优点是可以让句子变得更为精炼，所以有很多习惯用法。

- what I am / what I was  现在的我/过去的我
- I am not what I was  我也再不是过去的我了
- what he has / what he had  他现在的财产/他过去的财产
- what is called / what we call 所谓的
- what is worse   雪上加霜
- what is better  更好的
- what is more  而且
- what is the best of all 最好的

## 限定性定语从句与非限定性定于从句

### 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句

定语从句的关系代词前就是被修饰的先行词。

- 如果删除定语从句对主句有影响，造成主句语意不完整，即为限定性定语从句。
- 如果删除定语从句对主句没有影响，则为非限定性定语从句。

~~~ markdown
He has two sons who became doctors.  限定性定语从句。 虽然不知道他有几个儿子，但是有两个当医生的儿子。
He has two sons ,who became doctors. 非限定性定语从句。  只有两个儿子，这两个儿子都是医生。
= He has two sons and they became doctors.

She has a phone which doesn't work.
She has a phone, which doesn't work.
= She has a phone but it doesn't work.

~~~

**所以“连词 + 代词”替换“关系代词”**

~~~ markdown
I will not wear the clothes, which will distinguish me from my fellows. 我不会穿衣服的，不穿衣服会把我和朋友们区别开。

I will not wear the clothes which will distinguish me from my fellows. 我不会穿把我和朋友们区分开的衣服。
~~~

~~~ markdown
My grilfriend who is living in Busan often calls me.   #不止一个女朋友
My girlfriend, who is living in Busan, often calls me. #一个女朋友
~~~

### 无法用关系代词that代替的情况

**关系代词是非限定性定语从句的标志，可以用“连词 + 代词” 代替，但不能用that代替。**

总结不能用关系代词that代替的三种情况：

- 人、动物、事物的所有格关系代词（whose，of which）
- 介词+关系代词
- 非限定性定语从句

关系代词的省略

1. 主格关系代词不能省略
2. 所有格关系代词不能省略
3. 宾格关系代词不能省略

that可以引导名词性从句，也可以引导定语从句。 所以在名词性从句和定语从句中，可以省略that的情况是一样的。

|        | 省略关系代词that | 省略名词性从句的that |
| ------ | ---------------- | -------------------- |
| 主格   | X                | X                    |
| 所有格 | X                | √                    |
| 宾格   | √                | √                    |

一定要记住：

> 定语从句可以视为含主语和谓语修饰名词的形容词。关系代词引导定语从句，前面一定有被定语从句修饰的先行词，关系代词同时起连词和代词的作用。

# 定语从句和关系副词

- **关系代词**引导修饰先行词的定语从句，同时起**连词**和**代词**的作用

- **关系副词**引导修饰先行词的定语从句，同时起**连词**和**副词**的作用

## 关系副词的概念

关系副词也是引导定语从句，修饰前面的先行词。

~~~ markdown
This is the place.   I was born in the place.
This is the place and I was born in the place.
This is the place in which I was born.
This is the place where I was born.
~~~

**" 介词 + 关系代词 " 可以换成关系副词where。 所以， “ 介词 + 关系代词 ” 可以用关系副词代替。**

~~~ markdown
This is the place. I was born there.
This is the place and I was born there.
This is the place where I was born .
~~~

**where起连接两个句子的连词作用，但它不是代替名词，而是代替副词there，所以，where是同时起连词和副词作用的关系副词。(and + there --> where)**

**除所有格关系代词外，that可以代替主格和宾格关系代词，同样that也可以代替关系副词。**

~~~ markdown
This is the place where I was born.
This is the place that I was born.
~~~

关系代词在句子中代替名词，如果去掉关系代词就不是完整的句子。

~~~ markdown
which I was born in. √   -> I was born in. X
介词后必须有名词，但在这个句子中，介词in后没有名词，所以不是完整的句子。
~~~

关系副词代替的是起修饰作用的副词，所以去掉关系副词，后面的句子依然是完整的。

~~~ markdown
where I was bron. √  -> I was born. √
~~~

## 关系副词的种类

- 关系代词： 连词+代词： 先行词分人、事物/动物

- 关系副词：连词+副词：先行词分地点、时间、理由、方法

### where

~~~ markdown
This is the place.
Shrek was born in *it*.

This is the place in which Shrek was born.
This is the place where Shrek was born. #where代替in which
This is the place that Shrek was born.

We went to the place.
We were able to camp *there*.

We went to the place where we were able to camp.
~~~

在第一个例句中，用which代替it。第二例句中用where代替there。

it是代词，所以用关系代词which代替；there是副词，所以用关系副词where代替。

**先行词是地点时，用关系副词where引导定语从句进行修饰。**

**错题记录**

~~~ markdown
选择适当的单词
1. The place (where/which) I want to visit is beautiful.
2. The place (where/which) I want to go is beautiful.
~~~

`I go ...` 和 `I visit...` 有什么区别呢

> `go to school`  VS `visit school`
>
> go 是不需要宾语的不及物动词。 所以，I go 后面不能接名词，而应该接there或to school等副词或介词短语。
>
> I go的意思“我去”“我走”，后面不需要宾语，但可以接副词。
>
> ~~~ markdown
> I go school.    X
> I go to school. √    to school是介词短语
> I go there.     √
> ~~~
>
> 动词visit是需要接宾语的及物动词，是“参观...”的意思。
>
> `I visit...`的意思是“我参观...”需要有宾语。 因此，visit后面要接宾语（只有名词可以作宾语）
>
> ~~~ markdown
> I visit school.    √
> I visit to school. X
> I visit there.     X
> ~~~

所以答案：

~~~ markdown
1. The place (which I want to visit) is beautiful.
2. The place which I want to go to is beautiful.
   = The place to which I want to go is beautiful.
   = The place (where I want to go) is beautiful.
~~~

为什么先行词是场所，有时也用that或which，而不是都用where？

答：即使先行词是场所，也要根据所代替的内容决定用关系代词还是用关系副词。

### when（先行词表示时间）

~~~ markdown
I remember the day.   He was born on the day.
I remember the day on which he was born.
I remember the day when he was born.  # 用关系副词when代替on which
~~~

### why（先行词表示理由）

~~~ markdown
This is the reason.   He was late for the reason.
This is the reason for which he was late.
This is the reason why he was late.  #用why代替for which
~~~

### how（先行词表示方法）

~~~ markdown
This is the way.   She solved the problem in the way.
This is the way in which she solved the problem.
This is the way how she solved the problem.  # 用关系副词how代替in which
~~~

**关系副词how不能与先行词`the way`一起用**

the way 是“方法”的意思，how也是“方法”的意思，英语会避免这种重复。

这里关系副词可以换成that，即the way that。

~~~ markdown
This is the way that she solved the problem.
~~~

## 在关系副词中省略先行词

**关系副词的先行词可以省略**

~~~ markdown
This is (the place) where I was born.

I remember (the day) when he was born.

This is (the reason) why he was late.

This is the way that she solved the problem.

This is how she solved the problem.  #省略先行词

This is the way she solved the problem.  # 省略关系副词
~~~

`go to school` VS `go home`

~~~ markdown
go是不及物动词，后面不能直接接宾语，但可直接接副词。
I go school. X
I go to school. √

“介词+名词”是介词短语，to school的意思是“去上学”。
那么I go to home. 是正确的表达吗？
go后面要接“介词+名词”，那么上述句子应该是正确的吧？答案是错误的。
home表示“家，故乡，祖国”的名词，也是表示“在家，在故乡，在祖国”的副词。因为英语中不喜欢重复，所以将home堪称副词。
I go home.    √
I go to home. X
You must go to home. X
如果home作名词应该是 I go to the home.(定冠词在名词前)
~~~

## 关系副词的用法

如果关系副词前有逗号，则引导的是非限定性定语从句。

~~~ markdown
I went to (Tokyo where I met the pretty girl).  #限定性定语从句
我去了（见到了那个漂亮女孩的东京）

I went to Tokyo, where I met the pretty girl.    #非限定性定语从句
我去了东京，在那里遇到了漂亮的女孩

He went to America (where the war broke out).   # 限定性定语从句。
他去了（发生战争的）美国。   #我们不清楚战争发生的时间，不知道在他去美国之前就发生了战争，还是他去的时候发生了战争。

He went to America, where the war broke out.  #非限定性定语从句。
他去美国时没有发生战争，他去了美国后才发生战争。

~~~

**逗号加关系副词可以换成“连词+副词”**

~~~ markdown
He went to America and there the war broke out.

She went to his house, where she couldn't see him.
= She went to his house but there she couldn't see him.

Wait till Monday,when he will come back.
= Wait till Monday and then he will come back.
~~~

- 在非限定性定语从句中，可以用“连词+副词”代替关系副词。

- 在限定性定语从句中，可以用“介词+关系代词”代替关系副词。

例题

~~~ markdown
1. I can’t forget the day (where / when)she left me.

2. Is there any reason (when / why) she gotangry?

3. Please tell me (the way / the way how)you make the cake.

4. This is the house (which / where) theylived ten years ago.

5. This is the house (which / where / inwhich) they built two years ago.

6. Sunday is the day (which / when / how)we don’t go to school.

7. America is a country (where / which)English is spoken.

8. The place (where / which) I want to visitin Korea is Seoul.

9. The place (where / which) I want to go inKorea is Seoul.

10. I stayed at the hotel (which / where) herecommended.

11. I stayed at the hotel (which / where) heworked.

12. I don’t remember the day (which /that / where) the pianist was born.

13. I stayed at his hotel for a week, (when /which) I received a letter.

14. Can you tell me the way (how / that)you solved it?

15. I don’t like the way (how / in which)she talks to me.
~~~

答案

~~~ markdown
1. when 
2. why 
3. the way 
4. where
5. which，后面不是完整的句子，所以要用关系代词。This is the house. They built the housetwo years ago.相同的部分是the house，两个句子合在一起表达如下：This is the house (which they built twoyears ago).（这是他们两年前建的房子。）
6. when，后面的句子是完整的，所以不能用关系代词。
7. where 
8. which 
9. where
10. which，句子可拆分成下面两个句子。I stayed at the hotel. He recommendedthe hotel.相同的部分是the hotel，两个句子合在一起表达如下：I stayed the hotel (which herecommended).（我住在他推荐的宾馆。）
11. where，句子可拆分成下面两个句子。I stayed at the hotel. He worked at thehotel.相同的部分是the hotel，两个句子合在一起就是表达如下：I stayed the hotel (which he worked at).（我住在他工作的宾馆。）= I stayed the hotel (at which heworked).=I stayed the hotel (where heworked).
12. that, 先行词是时间时用when，也可以用that代替。I don’t remember the day when thepianist was born. (√)= I don’t remember the day that thepianist was born. (√)
13. when 
14. that 
15. in which
~~~

hellolutar/english-note

简介

发行版

贡献者

近期动态

hellolutar/english-note .gitee-modal { width: 500px !important; }

简介

发行版

贡献者

近期动态

搜索帮助

hellolutar/english-note